References

Clinician Articles

Code Recover Protocol

  1. D'Onofrio G, O'Connor PG, Pantalon MV, et al. Emergency department–initiated buprenorphine/naloxone treatment for opioid dependence: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;313(16):1636-1644. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.3474

  2. Ray B, Christian K, Bailey T, et al. Antecedents of fatal overdose in an adult cohort identified through administrative record linkage in Indiana, 2015-2022. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2023;247:109891. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109891

  3. Weiner SG, Venkatesh AK, Sharma PB, et al. Treatment of opioid use disorder across a national emergency department practice improvement network. Ann Emerg Med. 2026;87(3):313-320. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2025.09.010

  4. Faude S, Delgado MK, Perrone J, et al. Variability in opioid use disorder clinical presentations and treatment in the emergency department: a mixed-methods study. Am J Emerg Med. 2023;66:53-60. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2023.01.009

  5. Moe J, Chong M, Zhao B, Scheuermeyer FX, Purssell R, Slaunwhite A. Death after emergency department visits for opioid overdose in British Columbia: a retrospective cohort analysis. CMAJ Open. 2021;9(1):E242-E251. doi:10.9778/cmajo.20200169

  6. Hardin J, Seltzer J, Galust H, et al. Emergency department take-home naloxone improves access compared with pharmacy-dispensed naloxone. J Emerg Med. 2024;66(4):e457-e462. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2023.11.020

  7. Wesson DR, Ling W. Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS). MDCalc. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.mdcalc.com/calc/1985/clinical-opiate-withdrawal-scale-cows

  8. Bridge to Treatment. Buprenorphine (Bup) Hospital Quick Start. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://bridgetotreatment.org/resource/buprenorphine-bup-hospital-quick-start/

  9. Bridge to Treatment. Rapid Guidance for Patients Starting Buprenorphine Outside of Hospitals or Clinics. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://bridgetotreatment.org/resource/rapid-guidance-for-patients-starting-buprenorphine-outside-of-hospitals-or-clinics/

  10. Bridge to Treatment. Buprenorphine Sample Discharge Instructions. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://bridgetotreatment.org/resource/buprenorphine-sample-discharge-instructions/

What is OUD?

  1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed, text revision. American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2022. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787

Neurobiology of Addiction

  1. Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT. Neurobiologic advances from the brain disease model of addiction. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(4):363-371. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1511480

  2. Koob GF, Volkow ND. Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(8):760-773. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00104-8

  3. Santo T Jr, Campbell G, Gisev N, et al. Prevalence of mental disorders among people with opioid use disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2022;238:109551. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109551

  4. Jones CM, McCance-Katz EF. Co-occurring substance use and mental disorders among adults with opioid use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;197:78-82. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.12.030

  5. Santo T Jr, Gisev N, Campbell G, et al. Prevalence of comorbid substance use disorders among people with opioid use disorder: a systematic review & meta-analysis. Int J Drug Policy. 2024;128:104434. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104434

Overdose Care

  1. Haroz R, Carroll GG, Strayer RJ. Treatment strategies for precipitated opioid withdrawal after naloxone rescue. ACEP Now. February 18, 2020. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.acepnow.com/article/treatment-strategies-for-precipitated-opioid-withdrawal-after-naloxone-rescue/

  2. Cao D, Arens AM, Chow SL, et al. Part 10: adult and pediatric special circumstances of resuscitation: 2025 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2025;152(16 suppl 2):S578-S672. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001380

  3. Willman MW, Liss DB, Schwarz ES, Mullins ME. Do heroin overdose patients require observation after receiving naloxone? Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2017;55(2):81-87. doi:10.1080/15563650.2016.1253846

  4. Clemency BM, Eggleston W, Shaw EW, et al. Hospital Observation Upon Reversal (HOUR) with naloxone: a prospective clinical prediction rule validation study. Acad Emerg Med. 2019;26(1):7-15. doi:10.1111/acem.13567

  5. Weiner SG, Baker O, Bernson D, Schuur JD. One-year mortality of patients after emergency department treatment for nonfatal opioid overdose. Ann Emerg Med. 2020;75(1):13-17. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.04.020

  6. Hawk K, Hoppe J, Ketcham E, et al. Consensus recommendations on the treatment of opioid use disorder in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2021;78(3):434-442. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2021.04.023

  7. Yeboah-Sampong S, Weber E, Friedman S. EMERGENCY: Hospitals Are Violating Federal Law by Denying Required Care for Substance Use Disorders in Emergency Departments. Legal Action Center; 2021. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.lac.org/assets/files/LAC-Report-Final-7.19.21.pdf

  8. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Fentanyl. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/fentanyl

  9. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Xylazine. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/xylazine

  10. New York State Department of Health. Xylazine: What Clinicians Need to Know. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.health.ny.gov/publications/12044.pdf

Opioid Withdrawal

  1. Simon R, Snow R, Wakeman S. Understanding why patients with substance use disorders leave the hospital against medical advice: a qualitative study. Subst Abus. 2020;41(4):519-525. doi:10.1080/08897077.2019.1671942

  2. Wesson DR, Ling W. The Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS). J Psychoactive Drugs. 2003;35(2):253-259. doi:10.1080/02791072.2003.10400007

  3. Bridge to Treatment. Buprenorphine (Bup) Hospital Quick Start. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://bridgetotreatment.org/resource/buprenorphine-bup-hospital-quick-start/

  4. Haroz R, Carroll GG, Strayer RJ. Treatment strategies for precipitated opioid withdrawal after naloxone rescue. ACEP Now. February 18, 2020. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.acepnow.com/article/treatment-strategies-for-precipitated-opioid-withdrawal-after-naloxone-rescue/

  5. Bridge to Treatment. Enhanced Care Practice: Precipitated Withdrawal 90-Minute Bundle. June 2025. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://bridgetotreatment.org/resource/enhanced-care-practice-precipitated-withdrawal-90-minute-bundle/

Patient Behavior

  1. Haroz R, Carroll GG, Strayer RJ. Treatment strategies for precipitated opioid withdrawal after naloxone rescue. ACEP Now. February 18, 2020. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.acepnow.com/article/treatment-strategies-for-precipitated-opioid-withdrawal-after-naloxone-rescue/

  2. Koob GF, Volkow ND. Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(8):760-773. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00104-8

  3. Moe J, Chong M, Zhao B, Scheuermeyer FX, Purssell R, Slaunwhite A. Death after emergency department visits for opioid overdose in British Columbia: a retrospective cohort analysis. CMAJ Open. 2021;9(1):E242-E251. doi:10.9778/cmajo.20200169

MOUD: Buprenorphine, Methadone, and Naltrexone

  1. D'Onofrio G, O'Connor PG, Pantalon MV, et al. Emergency department–initiated buprenorphine/naloxone treatment for opioid dependence: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;313(16):1636-1644. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.3474

  2. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA Urges Caution About Withholding Opioid Addiction Medications From Patients Taking Benzodiazepines or CNS Depressants. September 20, 2017. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.mass.gov/doc/mat-opioids-benzos-dsc/download

  3. Dole VP, Nyswander M. A medical treatment for diacetylmorphine (heroin) addiction: a clinical trial with methadone hydrochloride. JAMA. 1965;193:646-650. doi:10.1001/jama.1965.03090080008002

  4. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Methadone. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.samhsa.gov/substance-use/treatment/options/methadone

  5. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Federal Guidelines for Opioid Treatment Programs. SAMHSA; 2024. Publication PEP24-02-011. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://library.samhsa.gov/product/federal-guidelines-opioid-treatment-programs-2024/pep24-02-011

  6. Drug Enforcement Administration. Dispensing of narcotic drugs to relieve acute withdrawal symptoms of opioid use disorder. Fed Regist. 2023;88:53377-53383.

  7. Kornør H, Lobmaier PPK, Kunøe N. Sustained-release naltrexone for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025;5(5):CD006140. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006140.pub3

  8. Hawk K, Hoppe J, Ketcham E, et al. Consensus recommendations on the treatment of opioid use disorder in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2021;78(3):434-442. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2021.04.023

  9. Sordo L, Barrio G, Bravo MJ, et al. Mortality risk during and after opioid substitution treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMJ. 2017;357:j1550. doi:10.1136/bmj.j1550

  10. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Medications for Opioid Use Disorder: Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) 63. SAMHSA; 2021. Publication PEP21-02-01-002. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://library.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/pep21-02-01-002.pdf

  11. American Society of Addiction Medicine. The ASAM National Practice Guideline for the treatment of opioid use disorder: 2020 focused update. J Addict Med. 2020;14(2S):1-91. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000633

  12. Chilcoat HD, Amick HR, Sherwood MR, Dunn KE. Buprenorphine in the United States: motives for abuse, misuse, and diversion. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2019;104:148-157. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2019.07.005

  13. Carroll JJ, Rich JD, Green TC. The more things change: buprenorphine/naloxone diversion continues while treatment remains inaccessible. J Addict Med. 2018;12(6):459-465. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000436

  14. Busch SH, Fiellin DA, Chawarski MC, et al. Cost-effectiveness of emergency department-initiated treatment for opioid dependence. Addiction. 2017;112(11):2002-2010. doi:10.1111/add.13900

Perinatal Substance Use Disorder in the Emergency Department

  1. Bruzelius E, Martins SS. US trends in drug overdose mortality among pregnant and postpartum persons, 2017-2020. JAMA. 2022;328(21):2159-2161. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.17045

  2. Roberts T, Frederiksen B, Saunders H, Salganicoff A. Opioid Use Disorder and Treatment Among Pregnant and Postpartum Medicaid Enrollees. Kaiser Family Foundation; September 19, 2023. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.kff.org/medicaid/opioid-use-disorder-and-treatment-among-pregnant-and-postpartum-medicaid-enrollees/

  3. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee Opinion No. 711: opioid use and opioid use disorder in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;130(2):e81-e94. Reaffirmed 2026. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2017/08/opioid-use-and-opioid-use-disorder-in-pregnancy

  4. Bridge to Treatment. Buprenorphine Quick Start in Pregnancy. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://bridgetotreatment.org/resource/buprenorphine-quick-start-in-pregnancy/

  5. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG clinical practice update: elimination of the DATA-Waiver Program. Obstet Gynecol. 2025;146(5):e105-e108. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000006066

  6. Alliance for Innovation on Maternal Health. Care for Pregnant and Postpartum People With Substance Use Disorder Patient Safety Bundle. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://saferbirth.org/psbs/care-for-pregnant-and-postpartum-patients-with-substance-use-disorder/

  7. Schiff DM, Nielsen T, Terplan M, et al. Fatal and nonfatal overdose among pregnant and postpartum women in Massachusetts. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;132(2):466-474. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002734

Overcoming Stigma: A Clinical and Structural Necessity

  1. van Boekel LC, Brouwers EPM, van Weeghel J, Garretsen HFL. Stigma among health professionals towards patients with substance use disorders and its consequences for healthcare delivery: systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;131(1-2):23-35. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.02.018

  2. Kelly JF, Westerhoff CM. Does it matter how we refer to individuals with substance-related conditions? A randomized study of two commonly used terms. Int J Drug Policy. 2010;21(3):202-207. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.10.010

  3. Kelly JF, Wakeman SE, Saitz R. Stop talking 'dirty': clinicians, language, and quality of care for the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. Am J Med. 2015;128(1):8-9. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.07.043

  4. Corrigan PW, Morris SB, Michaels PJ, Rafacz JD, Rüsch N. Challenging the public stigma of mental illness: a meta-analysis of outcome studies. Psychiatr Serv. 2012;63(10):963-973. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201100529

Understanding Overdose Prevention

  1. Coffin PO, Sullivan SD. Cost-effectiveness of distributing naloxone to heroin users for lay overdose reversal. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(1):1-9. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-158-1-201301010-00003

  2. Michigan OPEN. Emergency Department Naloxone Distribution Program. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://michigan-open.org/programs/open-medic-naloxone-distribution-program/

  3. Prescribe to Prevent. Emergency Department Naloxone Distribution: Key Considerations and Implementation Strategies. Accessed July 23, 2026. http://prescribetoprevent.org/wp2015/wp-content/uploads/TIPSWhitePaper.pdf

  4. Hardin J, Seltzer J, Galust H, et al. Emergency department take-home naloxone improves access compared with pharmacy-dispensed naloxone. J Emerg Med. 2024;66(4):e457-e462. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2023.11.020

Prescribing Concerns & DEA Licensing

  1. Drug Enforcement Administration. Opioid Use Disorder – MATE Act Q&A. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/faq/MATE_Act_faq.html

  2. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA Urges Caution About Withholding Opioid Addiction Medications From Patients Taking Benzodiazepines or CNS Depressants. September 20, 2017. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.mass.gov/doc/mat-opioids-benzos-dsc/download

  3. Drug Enforcement Administration. Dispensing of narcotic drugs to relieve acute withdrawal symptoms of opioid use disorder. Fed Regist. 2023;88:53377-53383.

  4. Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education. The Medication Access and Training Expansion (MATE) Act FAQs. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://accme.org/resource/the-medication-access-and-training-expansion-mate-act-faqs/

  5. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Training Requirements (MATE Act) Resources. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.samhsa.gov/substance-use/treatment/statutes-regulations-guidelines/mate-act

  1. Providers Clinical Support System. Medications for Opioid Use Disorder. American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://pcssnow.org/medications-for-opioid-use-disorder/

  2. American Medical Association. Substance Use Disorders and Addiction Education to Meet DEA Requirements. AMA Ed Hub. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://edhub.ama-assn.org/pages/comply-mate-act-dea-training-requirements

  3. American Society of Addiction Medicine. DEA Education Requirements. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.asam.org/education/dea-education-requirements

  4. Grayken Center for Addiction Training and Technical Assistance. DEA MATE Act Training. Boston Medical Center. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.addictiontraining.org/training/dea-mate-act-requirements/

  5. Yale School of Medicine. Select Opioid and Substance Use Disorder Trainings Offering Clinician CME for MATE Act Requirements. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://medicine.yale.edu/internal-medicine/genmed/addictionmedicine/education/addiction-pain-cme-trainings/

Improving Liability Exposure and Patient Outcomes

  1. Yeboah-Sampong S, Weber E, Friedman S. EMERGENCY: Hospitals Are Violating Federal Law by Denying Required Care for Substance Use Disorders in Emergency Departments. Legal Action Center; 2021. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.lac.org/assets/files/LAC-Report-Final-7.19.21.pdf

  2. Ganti L, Kwon B, George A, Stead T, Plamoottil C, Banerjee P. Tissue plasminogen activator and patients with acute ischemic stroke: the litigation landscape. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open. 2022;3(1):e12646. doi:10.1002/emp2.12646

  3. Hawk K, Hoppe J, Ketcham E, et al. Consensus recommendations on the treatment of opioid use disorder in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2021;78(3):434-442. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2021.04.023

  4. Dowell D, Ragan KR, Jones CM, Baldwin GT, Chou R. CDC clinical practice guideline for prescribing opioids for pain — United States, 2022. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2022;71(3):1-95. doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr7103a1

  5. Cohen SM, Straus E, Fiellin DA, et al. Best practices for hospital-based initiation of medications for opioid use disorder: a consensus statement. JAMA Netw Open. 2026;9(5):e2611514. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.11514

  6. The Joint Commission. R3 Report Issue 43: Medications for Opioid Use Disorder. Standard CTS.04.02.33. 2024. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.jointcommission.org/en-us/standards/r3-report/r3-report-43

  7. Samuels EA, Rosen AD, Abusaa S, et al. Increasing emergency department patient navigation and buprenorphine use: a model for low-barrier treatment. Health Aff (Millwood). 2025;44(9):1138-1147. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2025.00333

  8. Gormley MA, Pericot-Valverde I, Diaz L, et al. Effectiveness of peer recovery support services on stages of the opioid use disorder treatment cascade: a systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;229(Pt B):109123. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109123

  9. Nordeck CD, Oros M, Raley H, Smith S, Gryczynski J. Changes in hospital utilization following peer-led intervention for substance use disorders in hospital emergency departments. Am J Emerg Med. 2025;95:167-172. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2025.05.049

Coding and Billing

  1. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Medicare Physician Fee Schedule Final Rule, CY 2021. Add-on code G2213. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.cms.gov/medicare/payment/fee-schedules/physician

  2. American College of Emergency Physicians. Reimbursement FAQ: Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT) in the Emergency Department. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.acep.org/administration/reimbursement/reimbursement-faqs/

  3. CA Bridge. Documentation of Billing Code G2213. March 2023. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://bridgetotreatment.org/wp-content/uploads/CA-Bridge-SITE-EXAMPLE-Documentation-of-Billing-Code-G2213-March-2023.pdf

  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd-10-cm/

  5. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Coding for Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT). Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.samhsa.gov/sbirt/coding-reimbursement

  6. ICD10Data.com. Opioid related disorders F11. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/F01-F99/F10-F19/F11-

  7. AAPC. Codify: F11 opioid related disorders. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.aapc.com/codes/icd-10-codes-range/F01-F99/F10-F19/

  8. ICD10Data.com. Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of narcotics and psychodysleptics T40. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/S00-T88/T36-T50/T40-

What is a Peer Navigator?

  1. Gormley MA, Pericot-Valverde I, Diaz L, et al. Effectiveness of peer recovery support services on stages of the opioid use disorder treatment cascade: a systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;229(Pt B):109123. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109123

Why Involve Peers in OUD Patient Care?

  1. Treitler P, Crystal S, Cantor J, et al. Emergency department peer support program and patient outcomes after opioid overdose. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(3):e243614. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.3614

  2. Gormley MA, Pericot-Valverde I, Diaz L, et al. Effectiveness of peer recovery support services on stages of the opioid use disorder treatment cascade: a systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;229(Pt B):109123. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109123

  3. Moe J, Chong M, Zhao B, Scheuermeyer FX, Purssell R, Slaunwhite A. Death after emergency department visits for opioid overdose in British Columbia: a retrospective cohort analysis. CMAJ Open. 2021;9(1):E242-E251. doi:10.9778/cmajo.20200169

Working with Peers

  1. US Department of Health and Human Services. Understanding confidentiality of substance use disorder (SUD) patient records or "Part 2." Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/part-2/index.html

  2. Treitler P, Crystal S, Cantor J, et al. Emergency department peer support program and patient outcomes after opioid overdose. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(3):e243614. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.3614

Understanding Long-Term Recovery

  1. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: The Science of Addiction — Treatment and Recovery. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugs-brains-behavior-science-addiction/treatment-recovery

  2. Weiner SG, Baker O, Bernson D, Schuur JD. One-year mortality of patients after emergency department treatment for nonfatal opioid overdose. Ann Emerg Med. 2020;75(1):13-17. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.04.020

  3. Kelly JF, Bergman B, Hoeppner BB, Vilsaint C, White WL. Prevalence and pathways of recovery from drug and alcohol problems in the United States population: implications for practice, research, and policy. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;181:162-169. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.028

  4. Laudet A. Life in Recovery: Report on the Survey Findings. Faces & Voices of Recovery; 2013. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://archive.org/details/life-in-recovery-survey

Finding Peers in the Community

  1. Tillson M, Xu H, McGuire A, Medcalf S, Beaudoin FL, Watson DP. Response to a peer telehealth intervention for emergency department patients presenting with opioid use disorder or unintentional overdose: a stratified interrupted time series analysis. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2025;20(1):21. doi:10.1186/s13011-025-00650-0

  2. Faces & Voices of Recovery. Association of Recovery Community Organizations (ARCO). Accessed July 23, 2026. https://facesandvoicesofrecovery.org/programs/arco/

Peer Articles

The Peer’s Role in Patient Recovery

  1. Bassuk EL, Hanson J, Greene RN, Richard M, Laudet A. Peer-delivered recovery support services for addictions in the United States: a systematic review. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2016;63:1-9. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2016.01.003. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26882891/

OUD Basics for Peers

  1. Sordo L, Barrio G, Bravo MJ, et al. Mortality risk during and after opioid substitution treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMJ. 2017;357:j1550. doi:10.1136/bmj.j1550

  2. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Medications for Opioid Use Disorder: Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) 63. SAMHSA; 2021. Publication PEP21-02-01-002. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://library.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/pep21-02-01-002.pdf

  3. American Society of Addiction Medicine. The ASAM National Practice Guideline for the treatment of opioid use disorder: 2020 focused update. J Addict Med. 2020;14(2S, suppl 1):1-91. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000633

  4. Chilcoat HD, Amick HR, Sherwood MR, Dunn KE. Buprenorphine in the United States: motives for abuse, misuse, and diversion. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2019;104:148-157. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2019.07.005

  5. Carroll JJ, Rich JD, Green TC. The more things change: buprenorphine/naloxone diversion continues while treatment remains inaccessible. J Addict Med. 2018;12(6):459-465. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000436

  6. Busch SH, Fiellin DA, Chawarski MC, et al. Cost-effectiveness of emergency department-initiated treatment for opioid dependence. Addiction. 2017;112(11):2002-2010. doi:10.1111/add.13900

HIPAA and Hospital Safety for Peers

  1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office for Civil Rights. Understanding Confidentiality of Substance Use Disorder (SUD) Patient Records or "Part 2." HHS.gov. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/part-2/index.html

  2. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office for Civil Rights. HIPAA Privacy Rule and Sharing Information Related to Mental Health. HHS.gov. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/hipaa-privacy-rule-and-sharing-info-related-to-mental-health.pdf

Motivational Interviewing 101

  1. Miller WR, Rollnick S. Motivational Interviewing: Helping People Change. 3rd ed. Guilford Press; 2013.

  2. Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC, Norcross JC. In search of how people change: applications to addictive behaviors. Am Psychol. 1992;47(9):1102-1114. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.47.9.1102

Social Determinants of Health and Recovery Capital

  1. Healthy People 2030. Social Determinants of Health. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/priority-areas/social-determinants-health

  2. White WL, Cloud W. Recovery capital: a primer for addictions professionals. Counselor. 2008;9(5):22-27.

Post ED Follow-Up

  1. Hood JE, Aleshin-Guendel S, Poel A, Liu J, Collins HN, Sadinle M, Avoundjian T, Sayre MR, Rea TD. Overdose and mortality risk following a non-fatal opioid overdose treated by Emergency Medical Services in King County, Washington. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2023;253:111009. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.111009

  2. CA Bridge. Enhanced Care Practice: Precipitated Withdrawal 90-Minute Bundle [site example]. Public Health Institute; 2025. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://bridgetotreatment.org/wp-content/uploads/CA_BRIDGE_SITE-EXAMPLE_Enhanced-Care-Practice-Precipitated-Withdrawal-90-Minute-Bundle_June_2025.pdf

Talking to Patients about MOUD

  1. Santo T, Clark B, Hickman M, et al. Association of opioid agonist treatment with all-cause mortality and specific causes of death among people with opioid dependence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78(9):979-993. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.0976

Perinatal Substance Use Disorder (PSUD) in the ED for Peers

  1. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 711: Opioid Use and Opioid Use Disorder in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;130(2):e81-e94.

  2. Krans EE, Kim JY, Chen Q, Rothenberger SD, James AE 3rd, Kelley D, Jarlenski MP. Outcomes associated with the use of medications for opioid use disorder during pregnancy. Addiction. 2021;116(12):3504-3514. doi:10.1111/add.15582

  3. National Center on Substance Abuse and Child Welfare. CAPTA Plans of Safe Care. Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Accessed July 23, 2026. https://ncsacw.acf.gov/topics/capta-plans-of-safe-care/

Preventing Burnout, Vicarious Trauma, and Compassion Fatigue

  1. Freudenberger HJ. Staff burn-out. J Soc Issues. 1974;30(1):159-165. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x

  2. McCann IL, Pearlman LA. Vicarious traumatization: a framework for understanding the psychological effects of working with victims. J Trauma Stress. 1990;3(1):131-149. doi:10.1002/jts.2490030110

  3. Figley CR, ed. Compassion Fatigue: Coping With Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder in Those Who Treat the Traumatized. New York, NY: Brunner/Mazel; 1995. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Charles-Figley/publication/326273881_COMPASSION_FATIGUE_Coping_with_Secondary_Traumatic_Stress_Disorder_in_Those_Who_Treat_the_Traumatized_NY_BrunnerRoutledge/links/5b43aef8458515f71cb88350/COMPASSION-FATIGUE-Coping-with-Secondary-Traumatic-Stress-Disorder-in-Those-Who-Treat-the-Traumatized-NY-Brunner-Routledge.pdf

RCOs and Connecting to Community

  1. Valentine PA, White WL, Taylor P. The Recovery Community Organization: Toward a Definition. Faces & Voices of Recovery; 2007.